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#columns:ID	Front	Back	Source	NBC Objective	Tags
ch3-001	When describing the position of an oral or craniofacial structure, what does anterior mean?	Toward the front.	AFM-V1 3.2.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation directional-terms reviewed
ch3-002	When describing the position of an oral or craniofacial structure, what does posterior mean?	Toward the back.	AFM-V1 3.2.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation directional-terms reviewed
ch3-003	A dental landmark lies closer to the midsagittal plane than another structure. Which directional terms describe its position?	Medial or internal.	AFM-V1 3.2.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation directional-terms reviewed
ch3-004	A dental landmark lies farther from the midsagittal plane than another structure. Which directional terms describe its position?	Lateral or external.	AFM-V1 3.2.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation directional-terms reviewed
ch3-005	When a craniofacial structure is viewed in a sagittal section, how has it been divided?	It divides a body into right and left parts.	AFM-V1 3.3.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation body-planes reviewed
ch3-006	Why is the midsagittal plane useful when comparing right and left craniofacial relationships?	It divides the body into equal right and left sides.	AFM-V1 3.3.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation body-planes reviewed
ch3-007	A frontal section is used to examine anterior-posterior craniofacial relationships. How does this plane divide the structure?	It divides a body into anterior and posterior parts.	AFM-V1 3.3.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation body-planes reviewed
ch3-008	A transverse section is used to compare upper and lower portions of an oral structure. How does this plane divide it?	It divides a body into upper and lower parts.	AFM-V1 3.3.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation body-planes reviewed
ch3-009	What term describes a linear elevation on the surface of a bone or tooth?	Ridge.	AFM-V1 3.4.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology reviewed
ch3-010	In craniofacial anatomy, what does the term process tell a dental technician about the shape of a bone?	A prominent projection from the central mass of a bone.	AFM-V1 3.4.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology reviewed
ch3-011	When interpreting mandibular joint anatomy, what type of bony surface is a condyle?	A rounded, convex, smooth surface on a bone that forms part of a movable joint.	AFM-V1 3.4.4	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology tmj reviewed
ch3-012	Dental anatomy uses both fovea and fossa for depressions. How should a technician distinguish them?	A fovea is a shallow, cup-shaped depression or pit; a fossa is a broader, usually rounded depression in bone.	AFM-V1 3.5.1-3.5.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology reviewed
ch3-013	When a denture design must avoid pressure over a nerve exit, what does the anatomical term foramen identify?	An entrance or exit opening associated with a canal through bone.	AFM-V1 3.5.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology reviewed
ch3-014	When reviewing craniofacial bone relationships, how is a cranial suture classified by movement?	A synarthrosis, or essentially immovable joint.	AFM-V1 3.6.1	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 joints reviewed
ch3-015	Which joint classification explains why the TMJ can provide both hinge and gliding movements important to occlusion?	A freely movable gliding and hinge joint; it specifically describes the temporomandibular joint.	AFM-V1 3.6.2	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 joints tmj reviewed
ch3-016	How many cranial and facial bones must be accounted for when identifying the adult skull in dental anatomy?	Twenty-two: 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones.	AFM-V1 3.7	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 skull bones reviewed
ch3-017	Which eight cranial bones should a dental technician recognize when studying skull and TMJ anatomy?	Frontal, paired parietals, occipital, paired temporals, sphenoid, and ethmoid.	AFM-V1 3.8	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 skull cranial-bones reviewed
ch3-018	When identifying the 14 facial bones for CDT anatomy, which two are unpaired?	The vomer and mandible.	AFM-V1 3.9	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 skull facial-bones reviewed
ch3-019	Which cranial bone forms the anterior cranial vault, roof of the eye sockets, and part of the nasal cavity?	The frontal bone. It forms the anterior cranial vault, the roof of the eye sockets, and a small part of the nasal cavity.	AFM-V1 3.11	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 cranial-bones frontal reviewed
ch3-020	Which paired bones form much of the top and sides of the cranium between the frontal and occipital bones?	The paired parietal bones, located between the occipital and frontal bones.	AFM-V1 3.12	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 cranial-bones parietal reviewed
ch3-021	The temporal lines outline an origin area for which muscle involved in mandibular closure and retrusion?	The temporalis muscle.	AFM-V1 3.12	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 cranial-bones temporalis reviewed
ch3-022	Which two temporal-bone landmarks must a technician associate with condylar movement in the TMJ?	The glenoid or mandibular fossa and the articular eminence.	AFM-V1 3.13, 3.42-3.44	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 temporal-bone tmj reviewed
ch3-023	Which sphenoid feature contributes to the cranial surface and orbit and helps orient nearby masticatory-muscle anatomy?	The greater wing. It contributes to the cranium anterior to the temporal bone and to the eye socket.	AFM-V1 3.14.1	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 cranial-bones sphenoid reviewed
ch3-024	Which bony structures support the anterior two-thirds of the hard palate beneath a maxillary prosthesis?	The joined palatine processes of the maxillae form the anterior two-thirds of the hard palate.	AFM-V1 3.15.4	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla palate reviewed
ch3-025	Which bony structures support the posterior one-third of the hard palate?	The horizontal plates of the palatine bones form the posterior one-third of the hard palate.	AFM-V1 3.16	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 palatine palate reviewed
ch3-026	Which three bony components form the zygomatic arch that gives origin to the masseter?	The zygomatic process of the maxilla, the zygoma, and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.	AFM-V1 3.17	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-bones zygoma reviewed
ch3-027	Why is the mandible fundamental to dental prosthetics and oral function? Name four roles described in AFM-V1.	It shapes the lower face, provides muscle-attachment sites, forms the framework for the floor of the mouth, and supports the lower natural teeth.	AFM-V1 3.18.1	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible reviewed
ch3-028	When identifying mandibular landmarks used for muscle attachment and jaw movement, what is the ramus?	The approximately vertical posterior portion extending upward from the body on each side.	AFM-V1 3.18	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible landmarks reviewed
ch3-029	Which mandibular landmark separates the coronoid process from the condyloid process?	The mandibular notch, a deep U-shaped depression between the two processes.	AFM-V1 3.18	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible landmarks reviewed
ch3-030	Which mandibular process receives the temporalis insertion and therefore participates in jaw closure and retrusion?	The coronoid process receives the temporalis insertion.	AFM-V1 3.18, 3.21.2	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible temporalis reviewed
ch3-031	When identifying the entrance to the mandibular canal, where should the technician locate the mandibular foramen?	The mandibular foramen lies near the center of the internal or medial surface of the mandibular ramus.	AFM-V1 3.18, 3.50.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible foramina reviewed
ch3-032	Why is the hyoid unusual among bones involved in tongue and mandibular-depressor function?	The hyoid does not articulate directly with another bone; muscles suspend it between the mandible and clavicle region.	AFM-V1 3.19	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 hyoid reviewed
ch3-033	Which four paired muscles should a technician associate with functional mandibular movement and occlusion?	Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid.	AFM-V1 3.21	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles mastication reviewed
ch3-034	Where does the masseter insert to generate mandibular elevation during jaw closure?	On the lateral surface of the ramus and angle region of the mandible.	AFM-V1 3.21.1.2	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles masseter reviewed
ch3-035	When evaluating jaw closure and occlusal function, which movement should a technician associate primarily with contraction of the masseter?	Elevation of the mandible; it also contributes to protrusion.	AFM-V1 3.21.1	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles masseter reviewed
ch3-036	Which mandibular movements should a technician associate with the temporalis during closure and return from protrusion?	It elevates the mandible, and its posterior fibers retrude the mandible.	AFM-V1 3.21.2	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles temporalis reviewed
ch3-037	Where does the medial pterygoid insert to assist mandibular closure?	On the medial surface of the ramus and angle region of the mandible.	AFM-V1 3.21.3	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles medial-pterygoid reviewed
ch3-038	How does the medial pterygoid contribute to mandibular closure and lateral excursion?	It helps close the mandible; unilateral contraction may assist lateral movement.	AFM-V1 3.21.3	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles medial-pterygoid reviewed
ch3-039	Which mandibular movements should a technician associate with bilateral and unilateral contraction of the lateral pterygoid?	It protrudes the mandible and assists lateral movement and opening.	AFM-V1 3.21.4	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles lateral-pterygoid reviewed
ch3-040	Which three suprahyoid muscles help open the mandible when the hyoid is stabilized?	Mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and digastric.	AFM-V1 3.22	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles depressors reviewed
ch3-041	Which paired muscles form most of the floor of the mouth and therefore influence a mandibular denture's lingual border?	The paired mylohyoid muscles join in the midline to form most of the muscular floor of the mouth.	AFM-V1 3.22.1	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles mylohyoid reviewed
ch3-042	Between which two structures does the geniohyoid run when assisting mandibular depression?	Between the genial tubercles of the mandible and the hyoid bone.	AFM-V1 3.22.2	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles geniohyoid reviewed
ch3-043	What must occur before the suprahyoid muscles can pull the mandible downward to open the mouth?	The hyoid bone must be stabilized by muscles below it.	AFM-V1 3.22	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles depressors reviewed
ch3-044	Why must artificial teeth and denture contours restore appropriate support to the lips and cheeks after natural teeth are lost?	Natural teeth and alveolar processes support the lips and cheeks; without replacement, the facial muscles can collapse inward and appearance and function suffer.	AFM-V1 3.23	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression prosthetics reviewed
ch3-045	Which muscle encircles the mouth and directly affects lip closure around an anterior prosthesis?	Orbicularis oris encircles the mouth and closes the lips.	AFM-V1 3.24	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression orbicularis-oris reviewed
ch3-046	Which facial-expression muscle elevates the upper lip and influences the functional maxillary labial border?	Levator labii superioris elevates the upper lip.	AFM-V1 3.23, 3.25	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression reviewed
ch3-047	Which facial-expression muscle draws the mouth corner upward and laterally and can alter the depth of a denture-border sulcus?	Zygomaticus major draws the mouth corner upward and laterally.	AFM-V1 3.23, 3.26	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression reviewed
ch3-048	Which facial-expression muscle draws the mouth corner laterally and contributes to movement around denture borders?	Risorius draws the mouth corner laterally.	AFM-V1 3.23, 3.28	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression reviewed
ch3-049	Why must a technician account for buccinator activity when contouring the polished surface and flange of a denture?	It compresses the cheek and helps control the food bolus; its activity influences denture flange and polished-surface contours.	AFM-V1 3.23, 3.32	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression buccinator prosthetics reviewed
ch3-050	Which muscles define the entrance, sides, and floor of the oral cavity that a removable prosthesis must occupy without functional interference?	Orbicularis oris forms the entrance, buccinators form the sides, and mylohyoids form the floor.	AFM-V1 3.34.1	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-cavity muscles reviewed
ch3-051	When evaluating tissues represented on a cast, how should a technician distinguish attached gingiva from mobile alveolar mucosa?	Attached gingiva is tightly bound to bone; alveolar mucosa is mobile because it is loosely attached.	AFM-V1 3.35.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks mucosa reviewed
ch3-052	What space must an impression capture to establish functional labial, buccal, and lingual denture borders?	The vestibule is the potential space between the teeth or residual ridge and the internal surfaces of the lips, cheeks, or tongue.	AFM-V1 3.23, 3.36	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks vestibule reviewed
ch3-053	Which landmark forms the most posterior portion of the maxillary residual ridge and must be evaluated for denture coverage?	The maxillary tuberosity is the most distal or posterior portion of the maxillary alveolar ridge.	AFM-V1 3.37.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks maxilla reviewed
ch3-054	Which depression posterior to the maxillary tuberosity helps a technician identify the posterior extent of a maxillary denture?	The pterygomaxillary or hamular notch is a guide for determining the posterior border of a maxillary denture.	AFM-V1 3.37.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks maxilla prosthetics reviewed
ch3-055	Which stable midline landmark behind the maxillary central-incisor area helps position anterior denture teeth?	The incisive papilla is raised tissue over the incisive foramen behind the maxillary central incisors; it is a stable guide to midline and anterior tooth position.	AFM-V1 3.37.5	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks maxilla prosthetics reviewed
ch3-056	When reproducing palatal anatomy, where should a technician expect to find the rugae?	Palatal rugae are found in the anterior one-third of the hard palate.	AFM-V1 3.37.6	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks palate reviewed
ch3-057	When establishing the posterior border of a maxillary complete denture, what anatomical transition is identified by the vibrating line?	The vibrating line is the functional line of flexion between the relatively immobile hard palate and mobile soft palate.	AFM-V1 3.37.8	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks palate prosthetics reviewed
ch3-058	Which paired depressions near the vibrating line may help orient the posterior border region of a maxillary denture?	The palatine foveae are paired depressions near the midline and vibrating line produced by groupings of minor palatine salivary glands.	AFM-V1 3.37.9	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks palate salivary-glands reviewed
ch3-059	Why must maxillary and mandibular denture borders include correctly positioned frenal notches?	Frena are mobile mucosal folds; the border must accommodate their movement without displacement or injury.	AFM-V1 3.37.10-3.37.11, 3.38.5	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks frena prosthetics reviewed
ch3-060	Why should a mandibular complete denture cover the retromolar pads, and how do the pads help establish the occlusal plane?	It helps locate the occlusal plane, remains relatively stable after extraction, and provides bilateral distal support for a mandibular denture.	AFM-V1 3.38.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks mandible prosthetics reviewed
ch3-061	Which mandibular landmark lateral to the residual ridge serves as an important support area for a complete denture?	The buccal shelf is a ledge buccal to the mandibular residual ridge in the premolar and molar regions and is an important denture-support area.	AFM-V1 3.38.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks mandible prosthetics reviewed
ch3-062	Where should a technician expect the mental foramen before severe mandibular ridge resorption changes its relationship to the denture-bearing surface?	On the buccal surface of the mandible between and slightly below the root tips of the first and second premolars.	AFM-V1 3.38.4.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks mandible foramina reviewed
ch3-063	A severely resorbed mandibular ridge places the mental foramen near the denture-bearing surface. Why must the technician provide relief in this area?	The foramen may lie near the crest; pressure can compress the exiting nerve and cause loss of feeling in the lower lip.	AFM-V1 3.38.4.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks mandible prosthetics reviewed
ch3-064	Which posterior lingual-sulcus space must be recognized when shaping the distolingual border of a mandibular denture?	The retromylohyoid space is the posterior one-third of the lingual sulcus area.	AFM-V1 3.38.7	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-landmarks mandible reviewed
ch3-065	Which tongue-muscle group changes tongue shape and therefore alters the functional space available to a prosthesis?	Intrinsic tongue muscles form the substance of the tongue and change its shape.	AFM-V1 3.39.1, 3.39.2.1	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tongue muscles reviewed
ch3-066	Which tongue-muscle group moves the tongue as a mass and can influence denture stability?	Extrinsic tongue muscles arise outside the tongue and move the tongue's mass from place to place.	AFM-V1 3.39.1, 3.39.2.2	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tongue muscles reviewed
ch3-067	How can the contour of a mandibular denture's lingual surfaces determine whether the tongue stabilizes or dislodges it?	Tongue forces can either stabilize or dislodge the prosthesis depending on the lingual surfaces and borders.	AFM-V1 3.39.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tongue prosthetics reviewed
ch3-068	Which three paired major salivary glands should a technician recognize when reviewing oral landmarks and duct openings?	Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.	AFM-V1 3.40.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands reviewed
ch3-069	Which duct opening should be recognized in the maxillary buccal vestibule opposite the second molar?	Stensen's or the parotid duct opens in the maxillary buccal vestibule opposite the second molar, usually at the parotid papilla.	AFM-V1 3.40.1.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands parotid reviewed
ch3-070	A duct opening is identified on the floor of the mouth near a sublingual caruncle. Which major gland drains through Wharton's duct?	The submandibular gland.	AFM-V1 3.40.1.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands submandibular reviewed
ch3-071	Where are the sublingual glands located relative to the mylohyoid and floor-of-mouth mucosa?	Beneath the floor-of-mouth mucosa, above the mylohyoid muscles, with each gland resting in a sublingual fossa.	AFM-V1 3.40.1.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands sublingual reviewed
ch3-072	Which three bony surfaces must a technician associate with the TMJ when interpreting mandibular movement and occlusion?	The glenoid fossa and articular eminence of the temporal bone and the condyle of the mandible.	AFM-V1 3.42.1	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj reviewed
ch3-073	Which temporal-bone hollow contains the mandibular condyle during ordinary hinge opening and closing?	The glenoid or mandibular fossa is a deep hollow on the undersurface of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.	AFM-V1 3.43	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj temporal-bone reviewed
ch3-074	Which ramp-shaped temporal-bone landmark guides condylar translation during protrusive and lateral mandibular movements?	The articular eminence is a ramp-shaped prominence extending forward and downward from the anterior boundary of the glenoid fossa.	AFM-V1 3.44	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj temporal-bone reviewed
ch3-075	During protrusive mandibular movement, what anatomical movement should occur at both condyles?	They leave their fossae and move onto the articular eminences.	AFM-V1 3.44	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj movement reviewed
ch3-076	What TMJ structure cushions the condyle and travels with it during translation onto the articular eminence?	The articular disc is a tough, flexible fibrocartilage pad that absorbs shock and travels with the condyle.	AFM-V1 3.46	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj articular-disc reviewed
ch3-077	How are the upper and lower TMJ compartments positioned relative to the articular disc and condyle?	The upper cavity lies between the disc and temporal bone; the lower cavity lies between the disc and mandibular condyle.	AFM-V1 3.47	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj synovial-cavities reviewed
ch3-078	Which joint lining produces the fluid that lubricates functional TMJ movement?	Cells of the synovial membrane lining the synovial cavities.	AFM-V1 3.48	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj synovial-membrane reviewed
ch3-079	How does the TMJ capsule support stable mandibular movement? Give three functions.	It holds the disc in place, retains synovial fluid in the joint compartments, and helps prevent mandibular dislocation.	AFM-V1 3.49	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj capsule reviewed
ch3-080	Which mandibular attachment sites help distinguish the stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments when studying limits of jaw movement?	The stylomandibular ligament inserts on the posterior ramus near the angle; the sphenomandibular ligament inserts near the lingula at the mandibular foramen.	AFM-V1 3.50	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj ligaments reviewed
ch3-081	When orienting a tooth, cast, or craniofacial structure, what does its long axis represent?	The long axis is the longitudinal center line of the body or structure.	AFM-V1 3.2.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 orientation long-axis reviewed
ch3-082	How does AFM-V1 distinguish tubercle, eminence, and tuberosity by general form?	All describe relatively small, somewhat circular bony elevations; their specific names must be learned with each landmark.	AFM-V1 3.4.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology elevations reviewed
ch3-083	What is the relationship between a bony canal and a foramen?	A canal is a tubular passage through bone; its entrance or exit opening is a foramen.	AFM-V1 3.5.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 bone-terminology canal foramen reviewed
ch3-084	Which skull joint permits nodding and side-to-side rotation at the first vertebra?	The ellipsoidal joint between the occipital bone and first cervical vertebra.	AFM-V1 3.6.3	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 joints ellipsoidal reviewed
ch3-085	How should a technician distinguish the cranial vault from the cranial base?	The vault is the arched roof of the cranial cavity; the base is its floor.	AFM-V1 3.8	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 skull vault base reviewed
ch3-086	Which facial bones are paired in the adult skull?	The maxillae, palatine bones, zygomas, lacrimal bones, nasal bones, and inferior conchae are paired.	AFM-V1 3.9	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-bones reviewed
ch3-087	Which temporal-bone process is a rounded projection used for neck-muscle attachment?	The mastoid process.	AFM-V1 3.13.1	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 temporal-bone mastoid-process reviewed
ch3-088	Which slender temporal-bone process provides attachment for structures extending toward the mandible, hyoid, throat, and tongue?	The styloid process.	AFM-V1 3.13.2	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 temporal-bone styloid-process reviewed
ch3-089	Which temporal-bone projection forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch?	The zygomatic process of the temporal bone.	AFM-V1 3.13.3	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 temporal-bone zygomatic-arch reviewed
ch3-090	Which temporal-bone opening lies posterior to the glenoid fossa?	The auditory canal, also called the external auditory meatus.	AFM-V1 3.13.6	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 temporal-bone external-auditory-meatus reviewed
ch3-091	What major parts of the sphenoid bone should a dental technician identify?	A central body, paired greater wings, paired lesser wings, and paired pterygoid processes.	AFM-V1 3.14	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 sphenoid reviewed
ch3-092	Which sphenoid landmark anchors the sphenomandibular ligament?	The spine of the sphenoid.	AFM-V1 3.14.2, 3.50.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 sphenoid ligaments reviewed
ch3-093	What is the pterygoid fossa?	The depression between the two bony plates forming a pterygoid process.	AFM-V1 3.14.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 sphenoid pterygoid-fossa reviewed
ch3-094	Which masticatory muscles originate in part from the pterygoid processes?	The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.	AFM-V1 3.14.3, 3.21.3-3.21.4	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 sphenoid pterygoid-muscles reviewed
ch3-095	Which four processes arise from each maxilla?	The nasal or frontal, zygomatic, alveolar, and palatine processes.	AFM-V1 3.15	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla processes reviewed
ch3-096	What does the nasal or frontal process of the maxilla form?	A portion of the lateral wall of the nose.	AFM-V1 3.15.1	Facial and cranial skeletal anatomy	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla frontal-process reviewed
ch3-097	How is the maxillary arch formed?	The right and left maxillary alveolar processes unite to form the arch.	AFM-V1 3.15.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla alveolar-process arch reviewed
ch3-098	Which maxillary bony prominence helps orient the position of the natural canine and anterior denture teeth?	The canine or cuspid eminence, formed by prominent labial bone over the maxillary canine root.	AFM-V1 3.15.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla canine-eminence tooth-position reviewed
ch3-099	What forms the pterygomaxillary notch at the posterior maxilla?	The relationship between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid forms the notch.	AFM-V1 3.15.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla pterygomaxillary-notch reviewed
ch3-100	What is the median palatine suture?	The midline junction of the right and left palatine processes of the maxillae.	AFM-V1 3.15.4	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 palate suture reviewed
ch3-101	What passes through the incisive foramen behind the maxillary central incisors?	Nerves and blood vessels supplying the palatal tissue pass through it.	AFM-V1 3.15.4	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 palate incisive-foramen reviewed
ch3-102	What is the transverse palatine suture?	The junction where the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meet the posterior borders of the maxillary palatine processes.	AFM-V1 3.16.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 palate suture reviewed
ch3-103	Which external mandibular landmark forms the visible chin point?	The mental protuberance.	AFM-V1 3.18.7.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible mental-protuberance reviewed
ch3-104	How does the external oblique ridge relate to the mandibular buccal shelf?	The ridge crosses the external mandibular body and forms a ledge with the alveolar process; that ledge is the buccal shelf.	AFM-V1 3.18.7.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible external-oblique-ridge buccal-shelf reviewed
ch3-105	Which nerve travels in the mandibular canal and what is it called after exiting the mental foramen?	The inferior alveolar nerve travels in the canal and becomes the mental nerve after exiting.	AFM-V1 3.18.7.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible nerves mental-foramen reviewed
ch3-106	Which internal mandibular ridge provides the lateral origin for the mylohyoid muscle?	The mylohyoid ridge, also called the internal oblique line.	AFM-V1 3.18.8.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible mylohyoid-ridge reviewed
ch3-107	Which midline mandibular projections provide attachment for the geniohyoid muscles?	The genial tubercles.	AFM-V1 3.18.8.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible genial-tubercles reviewed
ch3-108	Which depression above the anterior mylohyoid ridge houses part of the sublingual gland?	The sublingual fossa.	AFM-V1 3.18.8.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible sublingual-fossa reviewed
ch3-109	What is the lingula?	A bony prominence on the anterior border of the mandibular foramen.	AFM-V1 3.18.8.5	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible lingula reviewed
ch3-110	Which paired mandibular depressions receive the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles?	The digastric foveae near the inferior lingual border.	AFM-V1 3.18.8.6, 3.22.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 mandible digastric-fovea reviewed
ch3-111	How should a technician distinguish a muscle's origin, insertion, and action?	Origin is the relatively stationary attachment, insertion is the attachment moving more, and action is the movement produced.	AFM-V1 3.20.3	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles origin insertion action reviewed
ch3-112	What does muscular antagonism mean when interpreting mandibular movement?	One muscle or group contracts to oppose the action produced by another; muscles pull rather than push.	AFM-V1 3.20.2	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles antagonism reviewed
ch3-113	Where do the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric attach?	The anterior belly attaches to the digastric fovea; the posterior belly attaches to the mastoid process, with an intermediate tendon associated with the hyoid.	AFM-V1 3.22.3	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 muscles digastric reviewed
ch3-114	Which facial-expression muscle arises in the canine fossa and elevates the angle of the mouth?	The levator anguli oris.	AFM-V1 3.27	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression levator-anguli-oris reviewed
ch3-115	Which muscle covers the mental-foramen region and depresses and inverts the lower lip?	The depressor labii inferioris.	AFM-V1 3.29	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression depressor-labii-inferioris reviewed
ch3-116	Which chin muscle wrinkles the skin and draws tissue toward the lower anterior teeth?	The mentalis.	AFM-V1 3.31	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression mentalis reviewed
ch3-117	Which broad superficial muscle assists depression of the mandible and draws the mouth corners downward?	The platysma.	AFM-V1 3.33	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 facial-expression platysma reviewed
ch3-118	Why should a removable prosthesis use stable mucosa for support and avoid highly active tissue where possible?	Firmly attached mucosa provides a stable surface, while tissue over active muscles moves and can displace or be injured by the prosthesis.	AFM-V1 3.34.2-3.34.3	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 oral-mucosa prosthetic-support reviewed
ch3-119	Where is free gingiva located?	At the neck of a tooth, forming a narrow band distinct from attached gingiva.	AFM-V1 3.35.1.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 gingiva free-gingiva reviewed
ch3-120	Which boundary separates attached gingiva from mobile alveolar mucosa?	The mucogingival junction.	AFM-V1 Figure 3.17	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 gingiva mucogingival-junction reviewed
ch3-121	How does an alveolar process become a residual ridge?	After teeth are extracted, the socket-bearing alveolar process remains as the alveolar or residual ridge and gradually resorbs.	AFM-V1 3.37.1, 3.38.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 residual-ridge resorption reviewed
ch3-122	How should a technician distinguish the hard palate from the soft palate when designing a maxillary denture?	The hard palate is bone-supported and relatively stable; the soft palate is muscular, unsupported by bone, and mobile.	AFM-V1 3.37.4	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 palate denture-border reviewed
ch3-123	What is the median palatine raphe?	A slight midline tissue elevation over the median palatine suture.	AFM-V1 3.37.7	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 palate palatine-raphe reviewed
ch3-124	Why is the labial frenum not a reliable facial-midline guide after teeth are lost?	Its position is an approximate mucosal fold and does not reliably define the facial midline in an edentulous arch.	AFM-V1 3.37.10	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 frena labial-frenum tooth-position reviewed
ch3-125	Where are the maxillary buccal frena usually located?	One on each side of the arch, commonly in the first-premolar regions.	AFM-V1 3.37.11	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 frena buccal-frenum reviewed
ch3-126	What defines the maxillary labial sulcus and buccal sulcus?	The labial sulcus lies between labial and buccal frena; the buccal sulcus extends from the buccal frenum to the pterygomaxillary notch.	AFM-V1 3.37.12	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 maxilla sulci impression-borders reviewed
ch3-127	Where should the complete-denture occlusal plane intersect the retromolar pad according to AFM-V1?	Approximately two-thirds of the way up the height of each retromolar pad.	AFM-V1 3.38.2.1	Occlusal requirements	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 retromolar-pad occlusal-plane tooth-setup reviewed
ch3-128	What does relief mean when protecting a mandibular landmark beneath a denture?	Space intentionally provided between the denture's tissue surface and soft tissue to reduce or eliminate pressure.	AFM-V1 3.38.4.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 relief mental-foramen dentures reviewed
ch3-129	Why must a mandibular denture's lingual border accommodate a changing floor-of-mouth depth?	Mylohyoid contraction, tongue movement, and swallowing continuously change the floor's relationship to the residual ridge.	AFM-V1 3.38.7	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 floor-of-mouth lingual-border reviewed
ch3-130	Which intrinsic tongue muscles are labeled in Figure 3.23?	Transverse, superior longitudinal, vertical, and inferior longitudinal muscles.	AFM-V1 Figure 3.23	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tongue intrinsic-muscles reviewed
ch3-131	Which extrinsic tongue muscles are labeled in Figure 3.24?	Genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus.	AFM-V1 Figure 3.24	Muscles of mastication and facial expression	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tongue extrinsic-muscles reviewed
ch3-132	Where are the parotid glands located relative to the ears?	In front of and below the ears.	AFM-V1 3.40.1.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands parotid reviewed
ch3-133	What visible oral landmark usually marks the opening of Stensen's duct?	The parotid papilla in the maxillary buccal vestibule opposite the second molar.	AFM-V1 3.40.1.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands parotid-papilla reviewed
ch3-134	Where are the submandibular glands located relative to the mandible and mylohyoid?	Between the mandible and midline, mostly below and partly above the posterior edge of the mylohyoid.	AFM-V1 3.40.1.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands submandibular reviewed
ch3-135	What is the possible drainage route of Bartholin's duct?	The sublingual duct may open independently on the floor of the mouth or join the submandibular duct.	AFM-V1 3.40.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands bartholin-duct reviewed
ch3-136	What are the sublingual or salivary caruncles?	Elevated mucosal lines beside the lingual frenum where sublingual and submandibular ducts open.	AFM-V1 3.40.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands salivary-caruncles reviewed
ch3-137	Where are the minor palatine salivary glands most concentrated?	Beneath the mucosa of the posterior hard and soft palates, especially behind a line between the first molars.	AFM-V1 3.41	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 salivary-glands minor-palatine-glands reviewed
ch3-138	How does ordinary hinge opening differ from protrusive translation at the TMJ?	During ordinary hinge opening the condyle remains in the fossa; during protrusion the condyle and disc move onto the articular eminence.	AFM-V1 3.42.2-3.46	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj hinge translation reviewed
ch3-139	Where does the TMJ capsule attach?	Around the rim of the glenoid fossa and articular eminence, to the disc edges, and around the condylar rim.	AFM-V1 3.49.1	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj capsule reviewed
ch3-140	How does AFM-V1 describe the temporomandibular ligament in relation to the capsule?	As an anterior thickening of the capsule rather than a separate ligament.	AFM-V1 3.49.2	Basic anatomic landmarks	CDT Comprehensive Anatomy chapter-3 tmj temporomandibular-ligament reviewed