Complete these drills without looking at the Anatomy Study-Term Index. Then use the index to check every term. A partially correct list is not complete; mark every omitted or confused term for another review. AFM section numbers appear only as source locators.
¶ Section 3A: Language and orientation
- Define anterior, posterior, medial/internal, and lateral/external.
- Explain the long axis of a tooth or structure.
- Draw sagittal, midsagittal, frontal, and transverse planes and state what each divides.
- Distinguish tubercle, eminence, tuberosity, ridge, process, and condyle.
- Distinguish fovea, fossa, canal, and foramen.
- Compare synarthrosis, ginglymodiarthrodial, and ellipsoidal joints.
- Explain why the TMJ is described as both hinge and gliding.
¶ Sections 3B-3C: Skull and bones
- State the total number of adult skull bones and divide them into cranial and facial groups.
- Name all eight cranial bones by type and pairing.
- Name all 14 facial bones by type and pairing.
- Distinguish cranial vault and cranial base.
- Locate the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
- Identify the temporal lines and relate them to the temporalis.
- Identify mastoid, styloid, and zygomatic processes of the temporal bone.
- Identify the glenoid fossa, articular eminence, and external auditory meatus.
- Name the body, greater wings, lesser wings, spine, pterygoid processes, plates, and pterygoid fossa of the sphenoid.
- Explain the dental importance of the maxillae, palatine bones, zygomas, and mandible.
¶ Maxilla, palate, and zygomatic arch
- Name the four processes of each maxilla.
- Explain how the maxillary arch is formed.
- Locate the tuberosity, pterygomaxillary notch, canine eminence, and incisive foramen.
- Distinguish the median palatine suture from the transverse palatine suture.
- State which bones form the anterior two-thirds and posterior one-third of the hard palate.
- Name the three components of the zygomatic arch.
- Identify these Figure 3.6-3.8 labels: pterygoid hamulus, incisive fossa, maxillary sinus opening, greater palatine foramen, and lesser palatine foramen.
- Mark the Figure 3.6-3.8 terms above for technical review if you cannot verify them confidently from the figure.
¶ Mandibular skeletal landmarks
- Identify body, ramus, angle, alveolar process, coronoid process, and condyloid process.
- Distinguish condyle, neck, and mandibular notch.
- Identify mental protuberance, mental foramen, mandibular canal, and external oblique ridge.
- Trace the inferior alveolar nerve through the canal and name it after the mental foramen.
- Identify buccal shelf, mylohyoid ridge, genial tubercles, sublingual fossa, mandibular foramen, lingula, and digastric fovea.
- Match each landmark with its muscle, gland, nerve, ligament, support, or relief relationship.
- Explain why pressure over the mental-foramen region can be harmful after severe ridge resorption.
- Define muscle fiber, contraction, antagonism, origin, insertion, and action.
- Demonstrate elevation, depression, protrusion, retrusion, and lateral excursion of the mandible.
- For masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid, state origin, insertion, and action.
- Name the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and digastric attachment sites.
- Explain the role of hyoid stabilization during mandibular depression.
- Identify anterior belly, posterior belly, intermediate tendon, and fascial loop of the digastric.
- Identify and state the action of orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major, levator anguli oris, risorius, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis, buccinator, and platysma.
- Identify zygomaticus minor and depressor anguli oris in Figure 3.15; retain technical-review status until their wording is verified.
- Explain how facial-expression muscles affect vestibular sulci, impression borders, facial support, and denture stability.
- Identify the pterygomandibular raphe and its relationship to the buccinator.
¶ Section 3F: Mucosa and maxillary landmarks
- Distinguish stable mucosa from mobile mucosa.
- Define gingiva, free gingiva, attached gingiva, and alveolar mucosa.
- Identify gingival sulcus, gingival line, mucogingival junction, epithelial attachment, lamina dura, spongy bone, and lingual cortical plate in Figure 3.17.
- Define facial and lingual vestibules.
- Explain residual-ridge formation and resorption.
- Identify maxillary tuberosity, pterygomaxillary notch, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, incisive papilla, rugae, median palatine raphe, vibrating line, and palatine foveae.
- Explain which landmarks guide anterior tooth position and posterior denture extension.
- Identify labial and buccal frena and explain why notches are required.
- Define maxillary labial sulcus and buccal sulcus.
- Explain why sulcus depth changes during facial expression.
¶ Section 3F: Mandibular oral landmarks
- Identify the residual ridge, retromolar pad, buccal shelf, and mental foramen.
- State three reasons the retromolar pad matters to complete-denture construction.
- State where the occlusal plane intersects the retromolar-pad height.
- Define relief and give the mental-foramen example.
- Identify labial, buccal, and lingual frena and sulci.
- Describe the floor of the mouth and explain why its depth changes.
- Identify the retromylohyoid space and palatoglossus influence.
- Explain how each landmark affects support, extension, relief, stability, or tooth setup.
¶ Tongue and salivary structures
- Compare intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.
- Name the transverse, superior longitudinal, vertical, and inferior longitudinal intrinsic muscles.
- Name genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus as labeled extrinsic muscles.
- Explain how lingual contours can let the tongue stabilize or dislodge a denture.
- Name the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
- Match Stensen's, Wharton's, and Bartholin's ducts with their glands and openings.
- Identify parotid papilla, sublingual fossa, and salivary caruncles.
- Locate the main concentration of minor palatine salivary glands.
- Identify the Figure 3.25 gland, duct, caruncle, and minor-duct labels.
¶ Section 3G: Temporomandibular joint
- Name all bony components of the TMJ.
- Distinguish hinge movement from translation.
- Describe both condyles during protrusion.
- Describe the typical working relationship during a lateral movement.
- Identify condyle, glenoid fossa, articular eminence, and articular disc.
- Distinguish upper and lower synovial cavities.
- Define synovial membrane and synovial fluid.
- Describe the capsule's attachments and functions.
- Explain how AFM-V1 relates the temporomandibular ligament to the capsule.
- Trace stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments from origin to insertion.
- Explain how auxiliary ligaments limit movement and help prevent dislocation.
¶ Completion standard
You are not finished with this Facial and Oral Anatomy unit until you can:
- Define or identify every term in the study-term index.
- Explain dental relevance wherever the index marks dental application.
- Complete all section drills without silently omitting a term.
- Distinguish terms awaiting technical or visual review from approved cards.
- Complete each topic without omitting a required term.